*************************************************************************** JOINT CALL FOR PAPERS 30th ETAPS International Joint Conferences On Theory and Practice of Software ETAPS 2027 Copenhagen, Denmark, April 10-15, 2027 https://etaps.org/2027 *************************************************************************** -- ABOUT ETAPS -- ETAPS is a primary forum for academic and industrial researchers working on topics relating to software science. ETAPS, established in 1998, is a confederation of four annual conferences accompanied by satellite workshops. ETAPS 2027 is the thirtieth event in the series. -- What is new in 2027? -- * iFS becomes a part of ETAPS as a merger of FASE and iFM. -- Why choose ETAPS? -- * ETAPS is one of the world's leading fora for research on software science, with a history of more than 25 years. * The proceedings of ETAPS appear in gold open access, with no article processing charge for the authors specifically. * All constituent conferences provide artifact evaluation (AE). * In addition to the conference, ETAPS also unites the software science community with activities such as a blog on software sciences, a PhD mentoring workshop, sessions on diversity, equity, and inclusion, and an ask-me-anything session. * Poster and Tool demo sessions are organized over the week. * Spin Symposium and Rust Verification Workshop are colocated with ETAPS. * SV-Comp and Test-Comp competitions and an industry day are hosted at ETAPS. -- MAIN CONFERENCES (April 12-15, 2027) -- * ESOP: European Symposium on Programming (PC chair: Azalea Raad, Imperial College London) * FoSSaCS: Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures (PC chairs: Alexandra Silva, Cornell University Joël Ouaknine, MPI-SWS) * iFS: International Conference on Foundations and Formal Methods for Software and Systems (PC chairs: Erika Abraham, RWTH Aachen University Marsha Chechik, University of Toronto) * TACAS: Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (PC chairs: Christian Schilling, Aalborg University Najiun Zhan, Chinese Academy of Sciences) -- IMPORTANT DATES -- * Submission deadline for ESOP-round 1: May 28, 2026 * Rebuttal for ESOP-round 1: July 20-22, 2026 * Notification for ESOP-round 1: August 6, 2026 * Submission deadline for ESOP-round 2, iFS, FoSSaCS, TACAS: Thursday, October 15, 2026 * TACAS mandatory artifact submission deadline (2 weeks after paper submission): Thursday, October 29, 2026 * Rebuttal (ESOP-round 2, FoSSaCS, TACAS): December 7-9, 2026 * Paper notification and TACAS mandatory artifact notification: Tuesday, December 22, 2026 * Artifact submission deadline ESOP, iFS, FoSSaCS, TACAS voluntary artifacts: Monday, January 11, 2027 * Paper final version: Monday, January 25, 2027 * Artifact notification ESOP, iFS, FoSSaCS, TACAS (voluntary artifacts): Thursday, February 11, 2027 * Main Conference: April 12–15, 2027 All the dates are AoE (Anywhere on Earth). Deadlines are firm and will not be extended. -- PUBLICATION -- The proceedings will be published in the Advanced Research in Computing and Software Science (ARCoSS) subline of Springer's LNCS series. The proceedings volumes will appear in gold open access under CC-BY license, so the published versions of all papers will be available for everyone to download from the publisher's website freely from the date of online publication, perpetually. The copyright of the papers will remain with the authors. -- AWARDS -- The strongest papers from the four conferences will be marked as distinguished papers and highlighted in the conference program. From these distinguished papers, the EAPLS, EASST, and EATCS, and the Best Tool Paper Award committees will select the best ETAPS papers. The ETAPS Test-of-Time Award will be granted, recognizing outstanding papers published at ETAPS more than ten years in the past. The ETAPS Rance Cleaveland Test-of-Time Tool Award acknowledges the importance of reliable and well-maintained research tools and the significant effort that their creation and maintenance entails. The Doctoral Dissertation Award will be granted to promote and recognize an outstanding dissertation in the research areas covered by the four main ETAPS conferences. -- SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS -- The four main conferences of ETAPS 2027 solicit contributions of the following types. All page limits are given *excluding the bibliography*. * ESOP: regular research papers of max 25 pp, experience reports of max 15 pp, and fresh perspectives providing new insights on programming languages and systems of max 15 pp. For the sake of flexibility, submitted research papers may be formatted in other formats. There is no page limit at the submission time. Please refer to https://etaps.org/2027/esop for more details. * iFS: there are two lengths of papers: long (16pp + 2pp references) and short (8pp + 1pp references). The limits for particular paper categories are: Regular research papers: long; Empirical evaluation papers: long or short; Data showcase paper: short (+ optional appendix up to 6pp); New ideas and emerging results (NIER) papers (visions, reflections): short; Tool papers: long or short (+ optional appendix up to 6pp); * FoSSaCS: regular research papers of max 18 pp. * TACAS: regular research papers, case study papers, and regular tool papers of max 18 pp, tool demonstration papers of max 6 pp. For definitions of the different paper types and specific instructions, where they are present, see the web pages of the individual conferences. All accepted papers will appear in Springer proceedings and have presentations during the conference. A condition of submission is that, if the submission is accepted, one of the authors attends the conference to give the presentation. We plan ETAPS 2027 as an on-site conference. Submitted papers must be in English, presenting original research. They must be unpublished and not submitted for publication elsewhere. In particular, simultaneous submission of the same contribution to multiple ETAPS conferences is forbidden. Submissions must follow the formatting guidelines of Springer's LNCS (use the llncs.cls class) - except for ESOP, see above - and be submitted electronically in pdf through the Easychair author interface of the respective conference. Submissions not adhering to the specified format and length may be rejected immediately. Data availability statement in proceedings papers is mandatory for all ETAPS conference papers. It is to be placed just before the references and does not count into the page limit. ETAPS conferences will use double-blind reviewing (in the case of TACAS and iFS, only for regular research papers). Authors are asked to omit their names and institutions; refer to prior work in the third person, just as prior work by others; not to include acknowledgments that might identify them. ESOP, TACAS and FoSSaCS will use an author rebuttal phase. -- ARTIFACT SUBMISSION AND EVALUATION -- Regular tool paper and tool demonstration paper submissions to TACAS must be accompanied by an artifact submitted shortly after the paper. The artifact will be evaluated, and the outcome will be considered in the paper's acceptance decision. For research paper and case study paper submissions at TACAS, participation in artifact evaluation is voluntary. Authors of papers of these categories may submit an artifact for evaluation after the paper has been accepted. The outcome of the artifact evaluation will not change the paper acceptance decision. ESOP, iFS, and FoSSaCS will accept artifact submissions; however, participation in it is voluntary; the artifact submission deadline is after the paper notification deadline. The outcome will not alter the paper acceptance decision. For ESOP, artifacts may be submitted with an accompanying short 5-page experience report (including a 1-page bibliography) that will appear in the conference proceedings. For specific instructions regarding artifacts, see the web pages of the individual conferences. -- SATELLITE EVENTS (April 10-11, 2027) -- Several satellite workshops and other events will take place during the weekend before the main conferences. -- CITY AND HOST INSTITUTION -- ETAPS 2027 will take place in Copenhagen, Denmark and is organized by the University of Copenhagen, IT University of Copenhagen, and Aalborg University. -- ORGANISERS -- Kim Guldstrand Larsen, Aalborg University Fritz Henglein, Copenhagen University Thomas Troels Hildebrandt, Copenhagen University Andrzej Wąsowski, IT University of Copenhagen Carsten Schürmann, IT University of Copenhagen Boris Düdder, Copenhagen University
2026-04-20
[Caml-list] MFCS 2026 - Last Call for Papers
======================================================== MFCS 2026 - Last Call for Papers ======================================================== The **51th conference on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science** (MFCS) will take place in: Paris, France August 24th-28th, 2026 **MFCS** is among the conferences with the longest history in the field — the first conference in the series was held already in 1972. Traditionally, the conference moved between the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia; since 2013, the conference has traveled around Europe. The conference will be preceded, on August 23, by the **Young Research Forum Workshop** intended for students and postdocs. The workshop will start at 13:00 and will feature talks/discussions around different topics related to research and academic life. After the workshop, there will be a social event with board games. NEW: Up to **10 papers** will be accepted by the program committee, for which **no presence onsite** of an author is required. In this case, a reduced fee will be applied. ======================================================== Important dates and information ======================================================== Submissions: April 24th, 2026 Author notification: June 19th, 2026 Camera-ready version: June 26th, 2026 Conference: August 24th-28th, 2026 (YRF Workshop on August 23rd, afternoon) Deadlines are firm; late submissions will not be considered. All dates are AoE. Conference website: https://mfcs2026.irif.fr/ ======================================================== Invited Speakers ======================================================== Jakub Orpšal (University of Birmingham, UK) Damien Pous (CNRS, ENS Lyon, France) Noga Ron-Zewi (University of Haifa, Israel) Tatiana Starikovskaya (ENS Paris, France) Ryan Williams (MIT, USA) ======================================================== Submission guidelines ======================================================== 1) Papers must present original research on the theory of computer science. No prior publication and no simultaneous submission to other publication outlets (either a conference or a journal) is allowed. Authors are encouraged to also make full versions of their submissions freely accessible in an on-line repository such as arXiv. 2) Submissions take the form of an extended abstract of up-to 12 pages (LIPIcs document class), excluding a separate title page, references and a clearly labelled appendix. The appendix may consist either of omitted proofs or of a full version of the submission, and it will be read at the discretion of program committee members. The extended abstract has to present the merits of the paper and its main contributions clearly, and describe the key concepts and technical ideas used to obtain the results. Submissions must provide the proofs which can enable the main mathematical claims of the paper to be verified. 3) Submissions authored or co-authored by members of the program committee are allowed. 4) At the time of submission, authors may declare that they are unable to attend the conference in Paris and therefore cannot give an in-person presentation. This choice will not influence the evaluation of submissions by the Program Committee. The Program Committee will rank all papers irrespective of their presentation status. Approximately 80 papers will be selected for in-person presentation, and up to 10 papers will be accepted without presentation. All accepted papers will be published in the same proceedings. This option is intended for authors who wish to publish their results at the conference but, for various reasons (e.g., family or financial constraints), are unable to attend the conference in person. 5) At least one author of each accepted paper with presentation is expected to register for the conference, and give the talk in-person. At least one author of each accepted paper without in-person presentation is expected to register for the conference for a reduced fee, and for each such paper the authors are expected to provide a pre-recorded video of the paper presentation that will be made available on-line during the conference. (Pre-recorded videos of the other papers are optional.) 6) Papers authored only by students should be marked as such at the time of submission in order to be eligible for the best student paper award. 7) MFCS proceedings are published in the Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) series. The camera-ready version of accepted papers will need to comply with the LIPIcs style. 8) All submissions should be made via HotCRP at https://mfcs26.hotcrp.com/. ======================================================== MFCS 2025 Programme Committee ======================================================== Michal Koucký (Charles University, Czech Republic) - chair Daniela Petrișan (Université Paris Cité, IRIF, France) - co-chair C. Aiswarya (Chennai Mathematical Institute, India) Christel Baier (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany) Ivona Bezáková (Rochester Institute of Technology, USA) Markus Bläser (Saarland University, Germany) Achim Blumensath (Masaryk University, Czech Republic) Martin Böhm (University of Wrocław, Poland) Édouard Bonnet (CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France) Joshua Brakensiek (University of California, Berkeley, USA) André Chailloux (Inria de Paris, France) Panagiotis Charalampopoulos (King's College London, UK) Lorenzo Clemente (University of Warsaw, Poland) Ugo Dal Lago (University of Bologna, Italy) Debarati Das (Pennsylvania State University, USA) Samir Datta (Chennai Mathematical Institute, India) Jakub Gajarský (Masaryk University and University of Warsaw, Czech Republic/Poland) Anna Gál (University of Texas at Austin, USA) Sumegha Garg (Rutgers University, USA) Mayank Goswami (City University of New York, USA) Florian Horn (Université Paris Cité, IRIF, CNRS, France) Dušan Knop (Czech Technical University, Czech Republic) Hanna Komlos (Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Germany) Stephan Kreutzer (TU Berlin, Germany) Bruno Loff (University of Lisbon, Portugal) Wolfgang Merkle (Heidelberg University, Germany) Igor Carboni Oliveira (University of Warwick, UK) Kristýna Pekárková (AGH University of Krakow, Poland) Thomas Place (University of Bordeaux, LABRI, France) Cécilia Pradic (Swansea University, UK) Jakub Przybyło (AGH University of Krakow, Poland) Colin Riba (ENS de Lyon, LIP, France) Kilian Risse (Lund University, Sweden) Robert Robere (McGill University, Canada) Michał Skrzypczak (University of Warsaw, Poland) Paweł Sobociński (TalTech, Estonia) Henning Urbat (FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany) Pavel Veselý (Charles University, Czech Republic) Philip Wellnitz (National Institute of Informatics, Japan) Sarah Winter (Université Paris Cite, IRIF, CNRS, France) James Worrell (University of Oxford, UK) Standa Živný (University of Oxford, UK) ==========================================
2026-04-16
2026-04-15
[Caml-list] PERR2026 @ CAV/FLOC: Second Call For Papers
2026-03-25
[Caml-list] MFCS 2026 - Second Call for Papers
MFCS 2026 - Second Call for Papers
========================================================
The 51th conference on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS) will take place in:
Paris, France August 24th-28th, 2026
MFCS is among the conferences with the longest history in the field — the first conference in the series was held already in 1972. Traditionally, the conference moved between the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia; since 2013, the conference has traveled around Europe.
The conference will be preceded, on August 23, by the Young Research Forum Workshop intended for students and postdocs.
NEW: Up to 10 papers will be accepted by the program committee, for which no presence onsite is required.
========================================================
Important dates and information
========================================================
Submissions: April 24th, 2026
Author notification: June 19th, 2026
Camera-ready version: June 26th, 2026
Conference: August 24th-28th, 2026 (YRF Workshop on August 23rd, afternoon)
Deadlines are firm; late submissions will not be considered. All dates are AoE.
Conference website: https://mfcs2026.irif.fr/
========================================================
Invited Speakers
========================================================
Jakub Orpšal (University of Birmingham, UK)
Damien Pous (CNRS, ENS Lyon, France)
Noga Ron-Zewi (University of Haifa, Israel)
Tatiana Starikovskaya (ENS Paris, France)
Ryan Williams (MIT, USA)
========================================================
Submission guidelines
========================================================
1) Papers must present original research on the theory of computer science. No prior publication and no simultaneous submission to other publication outlets (either a conference or a journal) is allowed. Authors are encouraged to also make full versions of their submissions freely accessible in an on-line repository such as arXiv.
2) Submissions take the form of an extended abstract of up-to 12 pages (LIPIcs document class), excluding title page, references and a clearly labelled appendix. The appendix may consist either of omitted proofs or of a full version of the submission, and it will be read at the discretion of program committee members. The extended abstract has to present the merits of the paper and its main contributions clearly, and describe the key concepts and technical ideas used to obtain the results. Submissions must provide the proofs which can enable the main mathematical claims of the paper to be verified.
3) Submissions authored or co-authored by members of the program committee are allowed.
4) At the time of submission, authors may declare that they are unable to attend the conference in Paris and therefore cannot give an in-person presentation. This choice will not influence the evaluation of submissions by the Program Committee. The Program Committee will rank all papers irrespective of their presentation status. Approximately 80 papers will be selected for in-person presentation, and up to 10 papers will be accepted without presentation. All accepted papers will be published in the same proceedings. This option is intended for authors who wish to publish their results at the conference but, for various reasons (e.g., family or financial constraints), are unable to attend the conference in person.
5) At least one author of each accepted paper with presentation is expected to register for the conference, and give the talk in-person. At least one author of each accepted paper without in-person presentation is expected to register for the conference for a reduced fee, and for each such paper the authors are expected to provide a pre-recorded video of the paper presentation that will be made available on-line during the conference. (Pre-recorded videos of the other papers are optional.)
6) Papers authored only by students should be marked as such at the time of submission in order to be eligible for the best student paper award.
7) MFCS proceedings are published in the Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) series. The camera-ready version of accepted papers will need to comply with the LIPIcs style.
========================================================
MFCS 2025 Programme Committee
========================================================
Michal Koucký (Charles University, Czech Republic) - chair
Daniela Petrișan (Université Paris Cité, IRIF, France) - co-chair
C. Aiswarya (Chennai Mathematical Institute, India)
Christel Baier (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)
Ivona Bezáková (Rochester Institute of Technology, USA)
Markus Bläser (Saarland University, Germany)
Achim Blumensath (Masaryk University, Czech Republic)
Martin Böhm (University of Wrocław, Poland)
Édouard Bonnet (CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France)
Joshua Brakensiek (University of California, Berkeley, USA)
André Chailloux (Inria de Paris, France)
Panagiotis Charalampopoulos (King's College London, UK)
Lorenzo Clemente (University of Warsaw, Poland)
Ugo Dal Lago (University of Bologna, Italy)
Debarati Das (Pennsylvania State University, USA)
Samir Datta (Chennai Mathematical Institute, India)
Jakub Gajarský (Masaryk University and University of Warsaw, Czech Republic/Poland)
Anna Gál (University of Texas at Austin, USA)
Sumegha Garg (Rutgers University, USA)
Mayank Goswami (City University of New York, USA)
Florian Horn (Université Paris Cité, IRIF, CNRS, France)
Dušan Knop (Czech Technical University, Czech Republic)
Hanna Komlos (Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Germany)
Stephan Kreutzer (TU Berlin, Germany)
Bruno Loff (University of Lisbon, Portugal)
Wolfgang Merkle (Heidelberg University, Germany)
Igor Carboni Oliveira (University of Warwick, UK)
Kristýna Pekárková (AGH University of Krakow, Poland)
Thomas Place (University of Bordeaux, LABRI, France)
Cécilia Pradic (Swansea University, UK)
Jakub Przybyło (AGH University of Krakow, Poland)
Colin Riba (ENS de Lyon, LIP, France)
Kilian Risse (Lund University, Sweden)
Robert Robere (McGill University, Canada)
Michał Skrzypczak (University of Warsaw, Poland)
Paweł Sobociński (TalTech, Estonia)
Henning Urbat (FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany)
Pavel Veselý (Charles University, Czech Republic)
Philip Wellnitz (National Institute of Informatics, Japan)
Sarah Winter (Université Paris Cite, IRIF, CNRS, France)
James Worrell (University of Oxford, UK)
Standa Živný (University of Oxford, UK)
==========================================
2026-03-15
[Caml-list] WPTE 2026: Call for Papers
12th International Workshop on Rewriting Techniques for Program
Transformations and Evaluation (19 July 2026)
Webpage: https://wpte2026.github.io/
Submission: https://submissions.floc26.org/wpte/
Deadline: 22 April 2026
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The aim of WPTE is to bring together researchers working on
program transformations, evaluation, and operationally-based
programming language semantics, using rewriting methods, in order to
share the techniques and recent developments and to exchange ideas to
encourage further activation of research in this area.
Topics of Interest
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Correctness of program transformations, optimizations and translations.
* Program transformations for proving termination, confluence, and
other properties.
* Correctness of evaluation strategies.
* Operational semantics of programs, operationally-based program
equivalences such as contextual equivalences and bisimulations.
* Cost-models for arguing about the optimizing power of transformations
and the costs of evaluation.
* Program transformations for verification and theorem proving purposes.
* Translation, simulation, equivalence of programs with different
formalisms, and evaluation strategies.
* Program transformations for applying rewriting techniques to programs
in specific programming languages.
* Program transformations for program inversions and program synthesis.
* Program transformation and evaluation for Haskell and rewriting.
* Rewriting-based transformations for bidirectional programming and
reversible computation.
Submission Guidelines
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For the paper submission deadline, a regular paper or extended abstract
of at most 10 pages is required. WPTE 2026 accepts submissions in three
categories:
* Regular paper, reporting on completed work that has not yet been
formally published and is not under submission for formal publication
at another venue (journal, conference, workshop with formal
proceedings).
* Work-in-progress extended abstract, reporting on work in progress.
* Presentation-only extended abstract, a short version of a paper
currently submitted to or formally published at another venue.
The program committee will select the presentations for the workshop
based on the submissions. All selected contributions will be included in
the informal proceedings distributed to the workshop participants. One
author of each accepted contribution is expected to present it at the
workshop in person.
Submissions must be prepared in LaTeX using the EPTCS macro package.
All submissions are to be made via:
https://submissions.floc26.org/wpte/
Post-Proceedings or Journal Special Issue
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For the 2020-2025 editions, papers from WPTE were selected for
post-submission and eventual publication in JLAMP special issues.
We will discuss, also based on interest expressed by authors at the
workshop, whether to arrange a special issue or other formal proceedings
for regular papers and completed work-in-progress extended abstracts
selected from this year's edition.
Important Dates
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Submission of regular papers and extended abstracts: 22 April 2026 (AoE)
Notification of acceptance: 25 May 2026
Early Registration for the workshop: 1 June 2026
Final version for informal proceedings: 29 June 2026
Workshop: 19 July 2026
Submission to post-proceedings/special issue: autumn 2026 (tbd)
Program Committee
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Martin Avanzini, Inria Sophia Antipolis
Carsten Fuhs (co-chair), Birkbeck University of London
Jan-Christoph Kassing, RWTH Aachen University
Thomas Kœhler, ICube Strasbourg
Misaki Kojima, Nagoya University
Rubén Rubio, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Traian Şerbănuţă, University of Bucharest
Germán Vidal, Universitat Politècnica de València
Janis Voigtländer (co-chair), University of Duisburg-Essen
Contact
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please direct questions to: c.fuhs AT bbk.ac.uk and janis.voigtlaender
AT uni-due.de
2026-02-25
[Caml-list] RExAI Call for Papers
International Workshop on Formal Requirements Engineering and Artificial Intelligence
May 4, 2026
co-located with NFM 2026 (May 5 - May 7, 2026), Los Angeles, California, USA
Overview
- How can we formally specify requirements for systems with learning-enabled components?
- How can formal frameworks capture fairness, safety, robustness and explainability requirements for AI systems?
- How do we verify that AI systems meet their specified requirements?
- What role can AI play in automating requirements elicitation, formalization analysis, and validation?
- How do we bridge high-level requirements and behavior of AI-enabled systems to enable traceability, safety assurance, and certification?
- Submission deadline: March 16, 2026
- Notification: April 3, 2026
- Workshop: May 4, 2026
- New and Emerging Work: Presents novel research in the focus areas of the workshop. Submissions will be evaluated primarily on "novelty".
- Summary of Recent Results: Presents existing work and highlights its contribution in terms of relevance and impact in the focus areas of the workshop. Submissions will be evaluated primarily on "impact".
- No Formal Proceedings: We welcome submissions of work that has already been presented or submitted elsewhere. No copyright transfer is required; we only request permission to post accepted abstracts on the workshop website.
- Journal Special Issue: Authors of selected accepted abstracts will be invited to submit extended versions for a journal special issue.
- Create an Account & Log in
- If you don't have one, sign up for an account on OpenReview.
- Log in using your credentials.
- Find Your Conference
- Navigate to the workshop's page on OpenReview (NFM Workshop RExAI 2026)
- Locate the Submission Link
- Select "NFM 2026 Workshop RExAI Submission" to access the submission form.
- Complete the Submission Form
- Add Paper Details: Enter the title of your paper and all authors (each must have an OpenReview account).
- Provide Keywords & Summary: Add relevant keywords and a short abstract.
- Upload Your PDF: Submit the full PDF version of your paper.
- Finalize Submission
- Follow any final instructions (e.g., license agreement, confirmation).
- Submit and confirm.
- Author Profiles: All submitting authors must have an active OpenReview profile.
- Email Address: Your profile's preferred email is used for notifications.
- Editing: You can edit your submission and upload new versions until the submission deadline.
- Anastasia Mavridou, KBR Inc., NASA Ames — anastasia.mavridou@nasa.gov
- Marie Farrell, The University of Manchester — marie.farrell@manchester.ac.uk
- Divya Gopinath, KBR Inc., NASA Ames — divya.gopinath@nasa.gov
- Hazel Taylor, The University of Manchester — hazel.taylor@manchester.ac.uk