OCaml Weekly News

Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of August 25 to September 01, 2026.

Unhandled: a static checker for unhandled effects in OCaml 5, and a negative result
The series of mirage-crypto* releases
Rpmfile 1.0.0 and Bytream 0.2
oxbow, a dynamic tiling window manager for the Wayland compositor River
cdp 0.1.0 - typed Chrome DevTools Protocol libraries for OCaml
Hardcaml Networking Library - Toy Project
FUN OCaml 2027 in Bangalore, Jan 25-26 - Time to Send Talk and Workshop Proposals - Until Sep 30
ease-caml - Easing library for OCaml
opam 2.6.0~alpha1
Old CWN

Unhandled: a static checker for unhandled effects in OCaml 5, and a negative result

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/unhandled-a-static-checker-for-unhandled-effects-in-ocaml-5-and-a-negative-result/18474/1

Manish Paul announced

OCaml 5's effect handlers are untyped: the compiler does not check that a performed effect is handled, so a missing handler compiles cleanly and fails at run time with Effect.Unhandled. We have been building a static checker for that, and we would like some criticism of it, particularly of the parts we think are weakest.

What it does. It reads the compiler's own .cmt files, infers a per-function effect set, propagates by call-graph fixpoint, subtracts effects discharged at handler sites, and reports every perform that can reach a program entry point unhandled. Findings come with a blame path from entry to perform, and with a generated witness program: we synthesise it, compile it, run it, and only report the finding as confirmed if the effect actually arrives at an outer boundary.

How it is tested. Differential testing against the runtime as oracle: a generator emits programs, and we compare the checker's prediction against what the compiled program actually does when executed. Over 1000 generated programs, 0 false negatives. Branch-free programs: 600, no false positives. Branching programs: 400, 5.3% false positives, from joining both arms of a conditional. The witnesses deliberately do not parse the crash message. Handy, since 5.4 stopped printing the effect payload for two of our test programs and nothing broke.

The negative result, which is the reason for this post. We wanted to show the checker catches crashes that really happened, so we built a corpus of commits that fixed documented Effect.Unhandled problems and analysed each parent commit. It caught 0 of 6. The cause turned out to be that the modules the bugs lived in never compiled in our environment, so the analyser was never shown the code. The batch runner now reports "out of scope" separately from "missed" for exactly this reason.

Then we ran it across every opam package depending on eio, eio_main, picos, domainslib, riot, moonpool or miou, giving 85 repositories after deduplicating by dev-repo. 38 of them built far enough to analyse, 3,881 modules in total, and the tool reported 31 escapes. Every single one was our own false positive. Four causes, each found by reading the code we had accused:

We modelled "calls anything under Eio." as "requires an Eio runtime". Wrong for constructors and vtable builders: Eio.Flow.Pi.source, Eio.Stream.create, Eio.Condition.create, Eio.Buf_read.parse_string_exn.
We applied that client-usage model to eio's own source, which is a category error. eio does not need an Eio runtime to define itself.
We did not see through application operators. let@ env = Eio_main.run in body is ( let@ ) Eio_main.run (fun env -> body), and with the operator opaque the head of that application is not Eio_main.run, so the scheduler boundary vanished and an entire program looked like it ran with no runtime. The fix is to read %apply and %revapply out of the value description, which would also cover @@, |>, and operators a project defines for itself.
We only recognised an Effect.Unhandled guard when it named the exception. picos writes it as a catch-all and says why:
```
| exception _exn ->
    (* This should only happen when not running under a scheduler.
       However, we don't match on a specific exception, because it
       depends on the OCaml version. *)
```
We had recorded the same observation independently, and then watched 5.4 stop printing the effect payload, which is the same problem from the other side.

Causes 1 and 2 are fixed and regression-tested in both directions. Causes 3 and 4 are diagnosed but not yet fixed: the attempt broke the test suite and we reverted it rather than ship a red one, so they are written up in docs/LIMITATIONS.md with the forester and picos source that produced them. Twenty-five escapes fixed, six remaining and explained.

Every escape this tool has ever reported on third-party code has turned out to be our own false positive. We have not found a real bug in anyone's code. We would rather say that plainly than imply otherwise.

If there is a transferable lesson it is probably that one: a checker pointed at real code for the first time is mostly measuring itself, and the only way to tell the difference is to read the source you just accused.

What we would like criticism of.

Is the library-contract output useful to you? On picos it produces:

module Picos
  Picos.Trigger.await                may perform {Picos.Trigger.Await}
  Picos.Fiber.current                may perform {Picos.Fiber.Current}
  Picos.Fiber.spawn                  may perform {Picos.Fiber.Spawn}
  Picos.Fiber.yield                  may perform {Picos.Fiber.Yield}
  Picos.Fiber.Maybe.to_fiber_or_current may perform {Picos.Fiber.Current}
  Picos.Fiber.Maybe.or_current       may perform {Picos.Fiber.Current}
  Picos.Fiber.Maybe.current_if       may perform {Picos.Fiber.Current}
  Picos.Fiber.Maybe.current_and_check_if may perform {Picos.Fiber.Current, ...unknown}

module Picos_std_event__Event
  Picos_std_event__Event.sync        may perform {Picos.Trigger.Await, ...unknown}
  Picos_std_event__Event.select      may perform {Picos.Trigger.Await, ...unknown}

module Picos_std_structured__Run
  Picos_std_structured__Run.spawn    may perform {Picos.Fiber.Spawn, ...unknown}

...unknown in a set means the contract is incomplete at that function because it calls something we have no .cmt for; we would rather show that than round it down to a clean-looking set.

Is a machine-checked statement of "what this library asks its callers to handle" worth having in a README or in CI?

What shapes do we miss? We know about effects performed inside effc branch bodies, dynamically built handler records, and closures that reach a call site through a data structure (no 0-CFA yet). We would like to hear about the ones we do not know about.
The scheduler model, meaning which entry point installs handlers for which family of effects, is data rather than analysis, and lives in models/schedulers.conf. The eio entries are cited to specific lines. The riot, moonpool and miou entries are guesses and labelled as such. Corrections very welcome.
Has anyone actually hit an Effect.Unhandled crash in production? We are short of real examples and would take any pointer, including "we hit it and the cause was something your design cannot see".

Requires OCaml 5.3 or later, since Texp_match only grows its effect-case list in 5.3. CI runs 5.3 and 5.4.

Repository: https://github.com/manishpaulish/unhandled

Happy to be told the approach is wrong.

The series of mirage-crypto* releases

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/the-series-of-mirage-crypto-releases/18476/1

Hannes Mehnert announced

Dear everyone,

it is my delight to release mirage-crypto* in version 2.4.1 (https://github.com/ocaml/opam-repository/pull/30568). There have been a series of releases since late July with 2.2.0. The reasoning behind is that several people used LLM to find some issues in the implementation that we are fixing in the process. It is likely there'll be more releases. We try to limit the releases we cut during each month. Me as a maintainer of that package is as well at the edge of what I can do (time-wise – please consider donating at https://robur.coop/#contact or via GitHub spoinsors – in the case you use this piece of software). Even more appreciated would be jump in, read code, review pull requests when they come in, contribute code cleanups (please don't submit your LLM generated improvements directly, but do careful reviews of them). Especially since now everyone is on the red team.

The performance of mirage-crypto has decreased due to added checks, but only in a small margin as far as I can observe on hardware that I use. Feel free to conduct your own benchmarks (there is bench/speed.ml available), and propose improvements.

Now, the changes range between fixes and cleanups to has a published advisory. There's not always a clear border. The full list can be found in the CHANGES file, or in the commit history. I encourage everyone to update to the latest release, and not use any previous release. As mentioned, some advisories are out, and for other fixes we think they may not need an advisory (although it may be that other implementations issues advisories for such fixes, so please be careful – you can as well submit PRs to ocaml/security-advisories if you think some specific fixes are important enough to get an advisory).

The fixes in more detail follow. Thanks to Eric Ebinger, Thomas Gazagnaire, and Anil Madhavapeddy for the reports. And to Tarides for make it possible that I spend some time on reviewing, merging, and releasing mirage-crypto.

Rpmfile 1.0.0 and Bytream 0.2

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-rpmfile-1-0-0-bytream-0-2/18477/1

Mikhail announced

Yo!

I am happy to announce the first major release of the Rpmfile library (for parsing RPM files) and a minor update of the Bytream library (streaming bytes and crunching them last library).

let () = 
  let metadata = 
    In_channel.with_open_bin 
      "hello.rpm" 
      Rpmfile.Reader.from_channel_without_payload 
  in

  let name, release = Rpmfile.View.(name metadata, release metadata) in 
  Printf.printf "%s.%s\n" name release
  (* hello.1.3 *)

Changes

Rpmfile reader has been moved from Angstrom library to Bytream library. The biggest change in this version is the start of using the Bytream library to read RPM files from input/output streams
Added CPIO archive reader (does not automatically decompress RPM file's payload, you will need to do that yourself)

Not done yet

Signatures verification
Payload decompression
Digests

oxbow, a dynamic tiling window manager for the Wayland compositor River

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-oxbow-a-dynamic-tiling-window-manager-for-the-wayland-compositor-river/18484/1

Cole announced

Hello!

I'm excited to share a project I've been working on for the past few months, oxbow.

It's heavily inspired by my time using dwm, with some ideas taken from other window managers like Hyprland and Niri. Features include:

Per-tag configuration (layout, mfact, gaps, etc.)
Tiling layouts including even, diminish, dwindle, spiral, deck, and monocle
Niri-ish scrolling in four orientations
"alt-tab"-like overview
Pure floating layout; oxbow respects native drag and resize requests on windows, making floating mode feel more natural
Popular dwm patches such as scratchpads, sticky windows, window swallowing, and gaps
Regex-based window rules to configure initial tags, output, size, position, and more
IPC control via oxctl to configure all of the above, query state, and subscribe to events

oxbow is packaged in opam, but you can also install it with Nix/NixOS.

You may notice this is my first post; that is because this project is my first venture into OCaml! I wrote oxbow to be the window manager I've always wanted, but also to learn OCaml. I've really enjoyed the experience, and I plan to use OCaml in a few other projects. I've done my best to take advantage of OCaml's strengths, but I'm fully open to any suggestions/PRs/etc. to improve the internals or any other aspect of oxbow.

Thank you for having me!

cdp 0.1.0 - typed Chrome DevTools Protocol libraries for OCaml

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-cdp-0-1-0-typed-chrome-devtools-protocol-libraries-for-ocaml/18486/1

Atlas07 announced

Hi everyone,

I'm happy to announce the first release of ocaml-cdp - typed OCaml libraries for the Chrome DevTools Protocol.

Why

CDP lets a program control a real Chrome: open pages, run JavaScript, take screenshots, render PDFs, watch network traffic. OCaml had no CDP library. ocaml-cdp fills that gap: it turns the official protocol definitions into typed OCaml modules, so the compiler checks every command, event, and field.

What you get

Three packages:

Package	Where	What it is
`cdp`	opam	Typed protocol domains: records, enums, commands, events, with JSON codecs. Transport-agnostic.
`cdp-gen`	opam	The generator CLI: protocol JSON in, OCaml out. Any revision, your own domain selection.
`cdp-lwt`	GitHub only for now (see below)	The client: launches or attaches to a Chrome and drives it over `libcurl` WebSockets.

cdp ships 10 domains (Browser, DOM, Debugger, Emulation, IO, Network, Page, Runtime, Security, Target); the generator covers all 58.

Here is the full round trip: launch a headless Chrome, open a page, read its title back:

let%lwt chrome = Cdp_lwt.Chrome.launch () in
let%lwt transport = Cdp_lwt.Curl_transport.connect ~url:chrome.ws_url () in
let connection = Cdp_lwt.Connection.create transport in
let call ?session command = Cdp_lwt.Connection.call connection ?session command in
let%lwt created =
  call (Cdp.Target.Create_target.command (Cdp.Target.Create_target.make_params ~url:"about:blank" ()))
in
let%lwt attached =
  call (Cdp.Target.Attach_to_target.command
          (Cdp.Target.Attach_to_target.make_params ~target_id:created.target_id ~flatten:true ()))
in
let session = attached.session_id in
let%lwt () = call ~session (Cdp.Page.Enable.command (Cdp.Page.Enable.make_params ())) in
let loaded = Cdp_lwt.Connection.next_event connection ~session Cdp.Page.Load_event_fired.event in
let%lwt _nav =
  call ~session (Cdp.Page.Navigate.command
                   (Cdp.Page.Navigate.make_params ~url:"https://ocaml.org" ()))
in
let%lwt _fired = loaded in
let%lwt evaluated =
  call ~session (Cdp.Runtime.Evaluate.command (Cdp.Runtime.Evaluate.make_params ~expression:"document.title" ()))
in

Why cdp-lwt is not on opam yet

cdp-lwt uses libcurl's WebSocket API through the curl bindings. That API is on ocurl's master branch, but not in any ocurl release yet. cdp-lwt builds fine from a clone (its opam file pins ocurl master). As soon as ocurl makes a release, cdp-lwt follows onto opam.

Hardcaml Networking Library - Toy Project

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/hardcaml-networking-library-toy-project/18488/1

Bohdan Purtell announced

General Kenobi

Greetings.

My name is Bo Purtell, and I'm an aspiring senior at the University of Florida.

Wanted to share a little project I've been working on over the course of the last year being a small networking stack for the hardcaml ecosystem for hardware development with OCaml! The project is still in it's infancy stages right now, but I've validated out a 10/100Mb duplex interface with very loose IPv4 and UDP support, and I'm currently wrapping up a PCS layer for 64/66b BASE-R encodings for 10G applications. A tad limited with my servers getting moved all the way back to Florida (from Cali) though, and I lost one of my regression machines in the move so going to have to go dive into docker stuff again - bleh.

https://github.com/LeEmperor/hardcaml_networking

It's All Math

I fear that I cannot go back to writing SystemVerilog the same way anymore given the wonderful levels of abstraction that I was able to get away with in OCaml. I firmly believe that my thinking of how "state" is represented, and the fact that I could reach for mathematical terminology when I went to describe an OCaml construct helped me immensely in being able to reason about some of these systems as I was constructing them. Helps with verification to an extent too.

Challenges

The biggest challenge I faced was the structuring of my verification suites and testing. There are a few floating hardcaml projects around, but trying to integrate around the expect test framework was a tad difficult since said examples are quite poor in demonstrating re-usable architecture or integration testing. I had thoughts that Alcotest might be used for larger integration suites, but I feel it's philosophy goes against what a standard expect test is even shooting at doing. Ultimately, expect tests pushed me to Emacs (from Neovim), as expect tests and tuareg fit nicely together - if I had to go pasting s-expressions again from the terminal I probably would've imploded. The change is definitely interesting, but well worth it in terms of configurability and OCaml support.

Quickcheck tests were quite nifty as well, but I was flying completely blind on using those, as there are seldom examples for any properly-sized projects release. It was nice to see that alot of my own UVM-based idioms that I am familiar with translated somewhat well with the Observation.t and Snapshot.t formations, but it would still be nice to see what actual production-grade hardcaml verification looks like. Wish there were formal verif examples as well as I have been firmly grasped by the formal-verif-bug, but only a few dronings in dead branches were all I could muster.

In Space!

Truly a bummer that no functional languages will ever see industry use. With that in mind, after wrapping up a double-internship stint Spring & Summer I can finally claim that some nonzero amount of Hardcaml is flying in Space! If anyone has any questions feel free to shoot me a message here or on LinkedIn!

PS : if anyone is familiar with proper hardcaml-based verification, could I beg for a quick chat on how integration tests would even work with expect systems? Do I just chuck a gigantic 300-line s-expression into the expected field? Surely not. Does Alcotest even enter the vocabulary for such things then?

FUN OCaml 2027 in Bangalore, Jan 25-26 - Time to Send Talk and Workshop Proposals - Until Sep 30

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/fun-ocaml-2027-in-bangalore-jan-25-26-time-to-send-talk-and-workshop-proposals-until-sep-30/18490/1

Sabine Schmaltz announced

Hi everyone!

We are super excited to announce that FP Launchpad is hosting FUN OCaml 2027 in Bangalore! This will be the very first edition of FUN OCaml (and the first major OCaml conference) in India.

FUN OCaml 2027 is a two-day open source hacking event dedicated to OCaml enthusiasts and professionals, focusing on the real-world impact of OCaml and bringing our global community together.

Event Details

Dates: January 25-26, 2027
Location: MLR Convention Centre, Brigade Millennium Campus, JP Nagar 7th Phase, Bangalore
Format: Day 1 is dedicated to talks (including a keynote, live-streamed online), and Day 2 features hands-on workshops and collaborative hacking.

Call for Participation (CFP) is Open!

The call is open through September 30. We welcome submissions from all experience levels - whether you are a first-time speaker, industry practitioner, academic researcher, or open source maintainer.

Topics we are especially excited about:

How you use OCaml in your business or personal projects
OCaml libraries, frameworks, and tools in the ecosystem
Hands-on demonstrations that inspire people to hack on Day 2
Deep dives into actual code and the reasoning behind design decisions
Experience reports and lessons learned

All talks will be live-streamed and uploaded to watch.ocaml.org and FUN OCaml's YouTube channel.

Submit your proposal: https://fun-ocaml.com/ (or directly via the CFP submission link)
Stay updated: Follow FUN OCaml on its various social channels and join the FUN OCaml Discord server (see website).

We can't wait to see your proposals and look forward to welcoming you to Bangalore!

Note: A major reason why we've chosen to host FUN OCaml in India this year is that we will (a) have an easy time getting the event fully booked, with both students and professionals, and (b) will be able to again afford high production quality recordings. We expect higher demand and more participants for the OCaml beginners workshop. At the same time, we understand that traveling to India is less ideal than traveling in the EU.

As a speaker, if there's any concern about funding travel, please check the box in the CFP form to apply for financial assistance. Also, send your proposals early, so that you can start visa application (we provide visa support) as soon as your session is accepted.

ease-caml - Easing library for OCaml

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-ease-caml-easing-library-for-ocaml/18494/1

Christopher Sumnicht announced

Hi everyone,

I am happy to introduce: ease-caml (on opam) - an easing library for OCaml.

Why?

In video games you often want to manage animations and transitions. Usually this requires deforming a floating point value from one value to another (often continuously) over time so that an object moves from one place to another. Such a deformation is often referred to as an easing or tween. It can be hard to keep track of tweens. In Lua, there are various libraries like hump.timer and Flux which help manage and organize the tweens you have made so you can easily create different kinds and have a single source of updating them. ease-caml is inspired by those libraries and is intended to help with OCaml game development.

Also, I mentioned games above: Whether you use SDL, Raylib, or pretty much anything else, you can use this library. It just requires an update loop.

Example

Here is a small example of a bouncing ball (uses raylib-ocaml).

type circle =
{
  r: float;
  x: float;
  y: float ref;
}

let ball : circle = { r = 40.0; x = 400.0; y = ref ~-.40.0 }
let ty = Tween.make_tween ball.y 225.0 ~ef:Easers.bounce 1.0
let tm = Tween.new_manager ()

let setup () =
  Raylib.init_window 800 450 "simple_tween";
  Raylib.set_target_fps 60;
  Tween.add ty tm

let rec loop () =
  if Raylib.window_should_close () then Raylib.close_window ()
  else (
    let open Raylib in
    Tween.update tm (get_frame_time ());
    begin_drawing ();
    clear_background Color.raywhite;
    draw_circle_v (Vector2.create ball.x !(ball.y)) ball.r Color.maroon;
    end_drawing ();
    loop ()
  )

let () = setup () |> loop

(Note as a new user I cannot put more than 2 links. If you need help finding hump.timer, Flux, or raylib-ocaml, please let me know!)

opam 2.6.0~alpha1

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-opam-2-6-0-alpha1/18372/4

Continuing this thread, Kate announced

Hot on the heels of beta1, we are happy to announce the release of opam 2.6.0~beta2.

This version is a beta, we invite users to test it to spot previously unnoticed bugs as we head towards the stable release.

Main changes compared to 2.6.0~beta1

:hourglass_done: The main change is a fix of a performance regression compared to opam 2.5, where opam project trees were scanned for nothing, when pinning them, making commands such as `opam install –deps-only .` excruatingly slow on large projects (#7098)

:open_book: You can read our blog post for more information about these changes and more, and for even more details you can take a look at the release note or the changelog.

Try it!

The upgrade instructions are unchanged:

For Unix systems

bash -c "sh <(curl -fsSL https://opam.ocaml.org/install.sh) --version 2.6.0~beta2"

or from PowerShell for Windows systems

Invoke-Expression "& { $(Invoke-RestMethod https://opam.ocaml.org/install.ps1) } -Version 2.6.0~beta2"

Please report any issues to the bug-tracker.

Happy hacking, <> <> The opam team <> <> :camel:

Old CWN

If you happen to miss a CWN, you can send me a message and I'll mail it to you, or go take a look at the archive or the RSS feed of the archives.

If you also wish to receive it every week by mail, you may subscribe to the caml-list.

Alan Schmitt

Calls for participation

2026-09-16

[Caml-list] PAgE'27 Call for Papers (co-located with POPL'27)

[Caml-list] FPBT'27 Call for Papers (co-located with POPL'27)

2026-09-01

[Caml-list] Attn: Development Editor, Latest OCaml Weekly News